THE ASSOCIATION OF PARENTING PRACTICES AND RELIGIOUS HABITUATION WITH STUDENTS’ SPIRITUAL QUOTIENT AT UMMUL QURO ISLAMIC SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Abstract

This study examines the associations of parenting practices and religious habituation with students’ Spiritual Quotient at Ummul Quro Islamic Senior High School, Probolinggo. Using a quantitative cross-sectional design, 86 students were selected from a population of 112 through simple random sampling. Parenting practices, religious habituation, and Spiritual Quotient were measured using five-point Likert questionnaires. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, instrument quality testing, regression-assumption tests, and multiple linear regression. The multiple regression model was significant, F(2, 83) = 17.64, p < .001, and explained 29.8% of the variance in Spiritual Quotient (R² = .298; adjusted R² = .281). Parenting practices were positively associated with Spiritual Quotient (B = .302, β = .307, t = 2.388, p = .019), and religious habituation was also positively associated with Spiritual Quotient (B = .228, β = .285, t = 2.221, p = .029). These findings indicate that family-based parenting practices and repeated religious activities represent two relevant educational contexts for understanding students’ spiritual development. The study contributes by integrating both predictors within one empirical model in a Madrasah Aliyah setting without assuming causal or mediating mechanisms.